Hi. This is Emily from MinuteEarth.
嗨。我是 MinuteEarth 的 Emily。
Your grandma is probably pretty short. In fact, grandmas all over the world are pretty short. As they've aged, their cartilage has shrunk, their bones have worn down, and their muscles have deteriorated. As a result, your grandma has been losing about half an inch of height each decade since she turned 40.
你的奶奶個子可能很矮。事實上，全世界的奶奶個子都很矮。隨著年齡增長，她們的軟骨萎縮、骨頭磨損、肌肉退化。因此，你的奶奶 40 歲之後，每十年大概都會再矮上半吋。
But even before she started shrinking, your grandma was probably never as tall as she might have been. And that's because many grandmas were malnourished as babies, which inhibited their ability to reach full height later on.
不過奶奶開始變矮之前，可能永遠也長不到可以有的身高。這是因為許多奶奶在嬰兒時期營養不良，抑制了日後長高的能力。
There were lots of reasons for this. Historically, many people were chronically short on food or lived through famines. Babies also used to get a lot sicker, a lot more often, with illnesses that compromise the body's ability to absorb nutrients. Plus, we simply didn't know a whole lot about infant nutrition.
營養不良的原因很多。從歷史上看，許多人長期食物短缺或遭遇饑荒。再者，以前的嬰兒比現在容易生病、病況也比較嚴重，疾病也會降低嬰兒吸收營養的能力。此外，當時人們對嬰兒的營養問題不是很了解。
As a result, malnutrition robbed your grandma of somewhere between two and three point five inches of her potential height. Okay, maybe not your grandma, but grandmas on average around the world.
因此，你的奶奶因為營養不良的關係，大概會比原先可以長到的身高再矮個二到三點五吋。好吧，也許不是你的奶奶，而是全世界的奶奶平均會矮上這麼多。
The good news is that thanks to increasing wealth, better vaccines, improved sanitation, and more nutritional know-how, people of all genders and nationalities have gotten taller over the past hundred years.
好消息是：由於財富增加、疫苗及衛生條件改善，專業營養知識越來越多，現在人們不分性別及國籍，身高都比上個世紀要來的高。
And in some countries, the gains have been huge. Men and women in South Korea, for example, are six and eight inches taller respectively than they were a century ago. That's about the height difference between Ever, our illustrator, and me.
部分國家的身高差異相當明顯。例如，南韓的男生和女生，身高比上個世紀分別高出六吋及八吋。這大概是我跟我們的插畫家 Ever 的身高差距。
And it's not just about height. Well-nourished kids with normal growth have fewer health problems and an easier time learning and go on to make more money than people whose growth is stunted from malnutrition.
營養問題影響的不只是身高。孩子如果營養良好、發育正常，不僅身體比較好、學習比較順利，賺的錢也會比營養不良、生長停滯的人來得多。
What's more, the populations of most developing countries are still gaining height today. In fact, there are only a few places where the population has stopped getting taller in the last few decades: very wealthy countries like the U.S. and Denmark, where almost all people have enough food to reach their maximum potential height, and very poor countries like Niger, India, and Papua New Guinea, where people still face major challenges with food insecurity, disease, and sanitation.
此外，多數開發中國家的人平均身高都還在增加。事實上，過去數十年間只有少數國家的人平均身高不再逐年增加：非常富有的國家如美國跟丹麥，人民幾乎都有足夠食物能完全生長；非常貧窮的國家如奈及利亞、印度、巴布亞紐幾內亞，糧食安全、疾病、衛生等問題都還是巨大挑戰。
In those places, we're still coming up short. There's still a lot of progress to be made here, which is why the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation partnered with us to make this video.
在這些貧窮的國家，身高仍是問題。這些國家也還有很多進步空間，這也是為什麼比爾與美琳達蓋茲基金會要與我們合作這支影片。
This year, Bill and Melinda Gates created the Goalkeepers report to track the progress of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals and inspire a new generation of goalkeepers to hold their leaders accountable and drive action to accelerate progress. One of those goals is to end stunted growth due to malnutrition by 2030 through a range of programs designed to address health and nutrition broadly.
今年，比爾與美琳達蓋茲基金會發布一份守門員報告，除了追蹤聯合國全球永續發展目標的進度，也希望激勵下一代守門員督促領導人負起責任、以行動加快達成目標。其中一項目標就是在 2030 年之前解決營養不良引起的生長停滯問題，並設計一系列能廣泛因應健康及營養問題的計畫。
But progress is not inevitable, and there's still more to be done. Check out the report by clicking the link in the description box below to learn how you can become a goalkeeper.
但也有可能毫無進展，未來也還有許多要努力的地方。點選下方影片資訊連結來檢視這份報告，了解如何成為一名守門員。
- 「磨損、磨壞」- Wear Down
As they've aged, their cartilage has shrunk, their bones have worn down, and their muscles have deteriorated.
隨著年齡增長，她們的軟骨萎縮、骨頭磨損、肌肉退化。 - 「遭遇或經歷困難的事件」- Live Through
Historically, many people were chronically short on food or lived through famines.
從歷史上看，許多人長期食物短缺或遭遇饑荒。 - 「由於、因為」- Thanks To
The good news is that thanks to increasing wealth, better vaccines, improved sanitation, and more nutritional know-how, people of all genders and nationalities have gotten taller over the past hundred years.
好消息是：由於財富增加、疫苗及衛生條件改善，專業營養知識越來越多，現在人們不分性別及國籍，身高都比上個世紀要來的高。 - 「一系列」- A Range Of
One of those goals is to end stunted growth due to malnutrition by 2030 through a range of programs designed to address health and nutrition broadly.
其中一項目標就是在 2030 年之前解決營養不良引起的生長停滯問題，並設計一系列能廣泛因應健康及營養問題的計畫。
