Welcome to The United Kingdom (And a whole lot more). Explained by me, C.G.P. Grey.
歡迎收看《聯合王國》(以及其他種種)由我，C.G.P. Grey為您解說。
United Kingdom, England, Great Britain? Are these three the same place? Are they different places? Do British people secretly laugh those who use the terms incorrectly? Who knows the answers to these questions? I do, and I'm gonna tell you right now.
「聯合王國」，「英格蘭」，「大不列顛」？這三個是同一個地方嗎？還是它們是不同所在？英國人會偷偷嘲笑那些誤用這些名詞的人嗎？誰知道這些問題的答案？我知道，現在我給您道來。
For the lost: This is the world, this is the European continent and this is the place we have to untangle.
迷途羔羊們：這是全世界，這是歐洲大陸，而這是我們必須要解開謎底的地方。
The area shown in purple is the United Kingdom. Part of the confusion is that the United Kingdom is not a single country but instead is a country of countries. It contains inside of it four co-equal and sovereign nations.
紫色這塊區域是「聯合王國」。一部分的混淆是指「聯合王國」不是一個單一的國家而是個由多個國家組成的國家。它內部包含了四個相互平等的主權國家。
The first of these is England, shown here in red. England is often confused with the United Kingdom as a whole, because it's the largest and most populous of the nations and contains the de facto capital city, London.
首先是「英格蘭」，這裡用紅色表示。「英格蘭」通常被誤認是整個「聯合王國」，因為它是最大且人口最多的國家，還包含了實質上的首都，倫敦。
To the north is Scotland, shown in blue, and to the west is Wales, shown in white. And what's often forgotten even by those who live in the United Kingdom, is Northern Ireland, shown in orange.
北邊是「蘇格蘭」，用藍色表示，而往西邊是「威爾斯」，用白色表示。而時常甚至被活在「聯合王國」內的人們給遺忘的是「北愛爾蘭」，用橘色表示。
Each country has a local term for the population. While you can call them all "British," it's not recommended as the four countries generally don't like each other.
每個國家都有個稱呼人民的當地專有名詞。儘管你可以統稱他們為「英國人」，但還是不建議那樣做，因為這四個國家通常不會互相喜歡。
The Northern Irish, Scottish and Welsh regard the English as slave-driving colonial masters, no matter that all three have their own devolved Parliaments, and are allowed to vote on English laws despite the reverse not being true, and the English generally regard the rest as rural yokels who spend too much time with their sheep.
「北愛爾蘭人」，「蘇格蘭人」和「威爾人」認為英格蘭人是奴役他人的殖民主子，所有這三個國家都有他們自己傳承下來的國會，也被允許參與英格蘭立法投票，儘管反之卻行不通(英格蘭人無法干涉這三個國家的內政)，而英格蘭人通常認為其他人是農村來的鄉巴佬，花太多時間在他們的綿羊身上。
However, as the four constituent countries don't have their own passports, they are all British Citizens, like it or not. They are British Citizens of the United Kingdom, whose full name by the way is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
然而，因為這四個構成國並沒有自己的護照，不管喜不喜歡，他們都是「英國公民」。他們是「聯合王國」的「英國公民」，順帶一提，「聯合王國」的全名是「大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國」。
So where's Great Britain hiding?
所以「大不列顛」藏在哪裡？
Right here: the area covered in black is Great Britain. Unlike England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, Great Britain is a geographical rather than a political term. Great Britain is the largest island among the British Isles.
就在這兒：黑色覆蓋的區域是「大不列顛」。不像「英格蘭」，「蘇格蘭」，「威爾斯」和「北愛爾蘭」一樣，「大不列顛」是個地理上而不是政治上的名詞。「大不列顛」是「不列顛群島」中最大的島嶼。
Within the United Kingdom, the term "Great Britain" is often used to refer to England, Scotland and Wales alone, with the intentional exclusion of Northern Ireland. This is mostly, but not completely true, as all three constituent countries have islands that are not part of Great Britain, such as The Isle of Wight, part of England, the Welsh Isle of Anglesey, the Scottish Hebrides, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands and the Islands of the Clyde.
在「聯合王國」內，「大不列顛」這個名詞通常用來單獨指「英格蘭」，「蘇格蘭」和「威爾斯」，刻意將「北愛爾蘭」排除在外。這大多數時候是正確的，但也不完全對，因為所有三個構成國都擁有不屬於「大不列顛」的島嶼，像是「英格蘭」的一部分--「維特島」、「威爾斯」的「安格里斯島」、「蘇格蘭」的「赫布裡底群島」、「謝德蘭群島」、「奧克尼群島」和「克萊德群島」。
The second biggest island in the British Isles is Ireland.
「不列顛群島」第二大的島嶼是「愛爾蘭」。
It is worth noting at this point that Ireland is not a country. Like Great Britain, it's a geographical, not political term.
現在值得注意的是，「愛爾蘭」不是個國家。就像「大不列顛」一樣，它是個地理上，而不是政治上的名詞。
The Island of Ireland contains on it two countries: Northern Ireland, which we have already discussed and the Republic of Ireland.
「愛爾蘭島」包含了兩個國家：我們已經討論過了的「北愛爾蘭」和「愛爾蘭共和國」。
When people say they are Irish, they are referring to the Republic of Ireland, which is a separate country from the United Kingdom.
當人們說他們是「愛爾蘭人」，他們提到的是「愛爾蘭共和國」，和「聯合王國」是分開的兩個國家。
However, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom are members of the European Union, even though England in particular likes to pretend that it's an Island in the Mid-Atlantic, rather than fifty kilometers off the coast of France. But that's a story for another time.
然而，「愛爾蘭共和國」和「聯合王國」都是歐盟成員，即便「英格蘭」特別喜歡裝得好像是個大西洋中間而不是在法國海岸線外五十公里處的島嶼。但那又是另一個故事了。
To review:
複習一下：
The two largest islands in the British Isles are Ireland and Great Britain. Ireland has on it two countries: the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, while Great Britain mostly contains three: England, Scotland and Wales. These last three, when combined with Northern Ireland, form the United Kingdom.
「不列顛群島」中兩個最大的島嶼是「愛爾蘭」和「大不列顛」。「愛爾蘭」中有兩個國家：「愛爾蘭共和國」和「北愛爾蘭」，而「大不列顛」主要包含三個國家：「英格蘭」、「蘇格蘭」和「威爾斯」。這最後三個，當和「北愛爾蘭」結合在一起時，組成了「聯合王國」。
There are still many unanswered questions, such as: Why, when you travel to Canada, is there British Royalty on the money?
還有很多有待回答的問題，像是：為何，當你到加拿大旅遊時，在錢幣上有「不列顛帝王」？
To answer this, we need to talk about Empire.
要回答這問題，我們得談談「帝國」。
You can't have gone to school in the English-speaking world without having learned that the British Empire once spanned a fourth of world's land and governed nearly a fourth of world's people.
你不能上過了英語系世界的學校而不知道「不列顛帝國」曾經橫跨全世界四分之一的土地並統治了將近全世界四分之一的人民。
While it's easy to remember the parts of the British Empire that broke away violently, we often forget how many nations gained independence through diplomacy, not bloodshed.
儘管要記得那些透過暴力脫離「不列顛帝國」的部分地區是很容易的，我們常常忘記有多少國家是透過外交手段獲得獨立，而不是透過流血衝突。
These want-to-be nations struck a deal with the Empire, where they continued to recognize the monarch(y) as the head of state in exchange for a local, autonomous parliament.
這些自稱的國家和帝國簽訂合約，此中他們繼續認同君主為元首，交換當地自治的國會。
To understand how they are connected, we need to talk about the Crown. Not the physical crown that sits behind glass in the Tower of London and earns millions of tourist pounds for the UK, but the Crown as a complicated legal entity best thought of as a one-man corporation.
要了解他們如何連結在一起的，我們得談談「王權」。不是位於倫敦塔的玻璃後面，為英國賺取遊客數百萬英鎊的實體王冠，而是最容易被人想成是一人企業般的複雜法定實體的「王權」。
Who created this corporation?
誰創立了這企業？
God Did.
老天爺創的。
According to British Tradition all power is vested in God, and the monarch is crowned in a Christian ceremony. God however—not wanting to be bothered with micromanagement—conveniently delegates his power to an entity called the Crown. While this used to be the physical crown in the Tower of London, it evolved over time into a legal corporation sole, able to be controlled only by the ruling monarch.
根據「英國傳統」所有權力是神所授予的，而君主在一個基督教儀式上加冕的。然而神－－不想心煩於細部管理－－方便地將祂的權力委派給了一個稱做「王權」的實體。儘管那以前曾是倫敦塔裡的實體王冠，它日漸演變成為一個法律上的獨資公司，僅受支配一切的君主控制。
It's a useful reminder that the United Kingdom is still technically a theocracy with the reigning monarch acting as both the head of state and the supreme governor of the official state religion: Anglicanism.
它有效的提醒著我們「聯合王國」嚴格地來說仍然是個神權政治，在位的君主同時擔任元首和法定國教：「英國國教」的最高總督。
Such are the oddities that arise when dealing with a thousand-year-old Monarchy.
這些就是當涉及一個擁有千年歷史的君權政治產生的怪事。
Back to Canada and the rest: The former colonies that gained their independence through diplomacy and continue to recognize the authority of the Crown are known as the Commonwealth Realm.
回來看看加拿大以及其它：那些通過外交以及繼續認同「王權」統治而獲得獨立的前殖民地被稱作「英聯邦王國」。
They are, in decreasing order of population: Canada, Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Jamaica, the Solomon Islands, Belize, the Bahamas, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Tuvalu.
按照人口數遞減的次序，它們是：加拿大、澳洲、巴布亞新幾內亞、紐西蘭、牙買加、索羅門群島、貝里斯、巴哈馬、巴貝多、聖露西亞、聖文森、格瑞那達、安地卡及巴布達、聖克里斯多福及尼維斯和圖瓦盧。
All are independent nations but still recognize the monarch(y) as the head of state, even though it has little real power within their borders.
通通都是獨立國家但仍然認同君主為元首，即便它在境內幾乎沒有實際權力。
There are three further entities that belong to the Crown, and these are the Crown Dependencies: The Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey.
有三個屬於「王權」，更進一步的實體，這些是「皇家屬地」：馬恩島、澤西島和根西島。
Unlike the Commonwealth Realm, they are not considered independent nations, but are granted local autonomy by the Crown and British Citizenship by the United Kingdom, though the UK does reserve the right to overrule the laws of their local assemblies.
不像「英聯邦王國」，它們不被認為是獨立國家，但「王權」授予自治權和「聯合王國」所賦予的「英國公民身分」，雖然「聯合王國」的確保留了駁回當地議會法律的權力。
Are we all done now?
我們全都講完了嗎？
Almost, but not quite. There are still a couple of loose threads, such as this place: The tiny city of Gibraltar on the Southern Cost of Spain, famous for its rock, its monkeys and for causing diplomatic tension between the United Kingdom and Spain.
快了，但還沒。仍有些尚未解決的問題，像是這地方：西班牙南岸的直布羅陀小城市，以岩石、猴子和造成「聯合王國」及西班牙間的外交緊張局勢而出名。
Or what about the Falkland Islands? Which caused so much tension between the United Kingdom and Argentina that they went to war over them.
那麼福克蘭群島呢？那造成了「聯合王國」和阿根廷間許多緊張情勢，它們曾因而打仗。
These places belong in the last group of Crown Properties, known as British Overseas Territories. But their former name "Crown Colonies" gives away their origins. They are the last vestiges of the British Empire.
這些地點屬於最後一組的「皇家領地」，也就是著名的「英屬海外領土」。但它們先前的名字「皇家殖民地」透露出它們的來由。它們是「不列顛帝國」的最後遺跡。
Unlike the Commonwealth Realm, they have not become independent nations and continue to rely on the United Kingdom for military and sometimes economic assistance. Like the Crown Dependencies, everyone born within their borders is a British Citizen.
不像「英聯邦王國」，它們還沒成為獨立國家，並繼續在軍事上，有時候經濟上依靠「聯合王國」的協助。就像是「皇家屬地」一樣，每個在它們境內出生的人都是「英國公民」。
The Crown Colonies are, in decreasing order of population: Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands, Gibraltar, the British Virgin Islands, Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Anguilla, Saint Helena, the Ascension Islands, Tristan da Cunha, Montserrat, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Falkland Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and the Pitcairn Islands.
「皇家殖民地」，按照人口數遞減的次序為：百慕達、開曼群島、特克斯和凱科斯群島、直布羅陀、英屬維京群島、亞克羅提利與德凱利亞、安圭拉、聖赫倫那、亞森欣島、特里斯坦-達庫尼亞、蒙特塞拉特島、英屬印度洋領地、南喬治亞及南三明治群島、福克蘭群島、英屬南極領土和皮特凱恩群島。
For our final Venn diagram, the United Kingdom is a country situated on the British Isles and is part of the Crown which is controlled by the monarch(y).
在我們最後的范恩圖中，「聯合王國」是個位於「不列顛群島」的國家而且是君主統治的「王權」中的一部分。
Also part of the Crown and the British Isles are the Crown Dependencies. The independent nations of the former empire that still recognize the Crown are the Commonwealth Realm, and the non-independent remnants of the former empire are the British Overseas Territories.
部分的「王權國家」以及「不列顛群島」也是「皇家屬地」。前帝國中仍然認同「王權」的獨立國家是「英聯邦王國」，而前帝國中的非獨立殘存者則是「英屬海外領土」。
Thank you very much for watching.
非常感謝你的收看。
註1: 「英格蘭」、「蘇格蘭」、「愛爾蘭」和「威爾斯」在中古世紀都是各自獨立的國家，分別有自己的國王以及國土制度。後來經歷過多年戰爭、聯姻才成為所謂「聯合王國」。至今，「蘇格蘭」仍然發行並使用自己的錢幣，「威爾斯」、「蘇格蘭」都還有自己的國旗，而「愛爾蘭」也早已脫離「聯合王國」自行獨立成為「愛爾蘭共和國」。因此在這邊把各個區域稱作「Nation」或是「Country」。資料來源：Wikipedia: United Kingdom
