Do you think it's possible to control someone's attention? Even more than that, what about predicting human behavior? I think those are interesting ideas, if you could. I mean, for me, that'd be the perfect superpower, actually kind of an evil way of approaching it. But for myself, in the past, I've spent the last twenty years studying human behavior from a rather unorthodox way: picking pockets.
你覺得控制某人的注意力是有可能的嗎？不僅如此，那預測人類的行為呢？我認為那些是很有趣的想法，如果你可以的話。我是說，對我而言，那會是很完美的超能力，事實上有點像是接近它的邪惡方式。但我自己本身，在過去，我花了過去二十年研究人類行為，用的是一種頗非正統的方式：扒竊。
When we think of misdirection, we think of something as looking off to the side, when actually it's often that things are right in front of us. They are the hardest things to see, the things that you look at every day that you're blinded to.
當我們想到錯誤指引，我們想到一些像是看向一旁的事，然而實際上事實通常是事物就在我們面前。它們是最難看到的東西，你每天都注視著、卻視而不見的東西。
For example, how many of you still have your cell phones on you right now? Great. Double-check. Make sure you still have them on you. I was doing some shopping beforehand. Now you've looked at them probably a few times today, but I'm gonna ask you a question about them without looking at your cell phone directly yet. Can you remember the icon in the bottom right corner? Bring them out, check, and see how accurate you were. How'd you do? Show your hands. Did we get it?
舉例來說，你們有多少人現在還隨身帶著你的手機？很好。再確認一次。確保你還隨身帶著它們。我是在事前物色一下。現在你今天大概已經看過它們幾次了，但在你還沒有直接看手機的情況下，我要問你一個關於它們的問題。你可以記得底部右下角的圖標嗎？把它們拿出來，檢查，看你有多正確。你做得如何？舉起手。我們有猜對嗎？
Now that you're done looking at those, close them down, because every phone has something in common: No matter how you organize the icons, you still have a clock on the front. So, without looking at your phone, what time was it? You just looked at your clock, right?
既然你看完那些了，把它們關上，因為每支手機都有一些共同之處：不論你怎麼組織那些圖標，你在前方還是有個時鐘。所以，不要看你的手機，那是幾點？你剛看了你的時鐘，對吧？
It's an interesting idea. Now, I'll ask you to take that step further with a game of trust. Close your eyes. I realize I'm asking you to do that while you just heard there's a pickpocket in the room, but close your eyes. Now, you've been watching me for about thirty seconds. With your eyes closed, what am I wearing? Make your best guess. What color is my shirt? What color is my tie? Now open your eyes. By showing hands, were you right?
這是個很有趣的想法。現在，我要請你更進一步來玩信任遊戲。閉上你的眼睛。我理解就在你們才聽到這房裡有扒手時我還要叫你們做這件事，但閉上你的雙眼。現在，你們已經看著我看了大約三十秒。閉上你的雙眼，我穿什麼？盡你所能去猜。我的襯衫是什麼顏色？我的領帶是什麼顏色？現在睜開你的眼睛。舉起手，你答對了嗎？
It's interesting, isn't it? Some of us are a little bit more perceptive than others. It seems that way. But I have a different theory about that: that model of attention. They have fancy models of attention: Posner's trinity model of attention. For me, I like to think of it very simple, like a surveillance system. It's kind of like you have all these fancy sentries, and inside your brain there's a little security guard. For me, I like to call him Frank.
這很有趣，對吧？我們有些人比其他人更敏銳一點。似乎是這樣的。但關於那個我有不同的理論：那注意力的模式。他們有很花俏的注意力模式：Posner的三種注意力模式。對我來說，我喜歡把它想得非常簡單，像是一個監視系統。有點像是你擁有所有這些花俏的哨兵，而在你腦中有個小小的保安人員。我呢，我喜歡叫他Frank。
So, Frank is sitting at a desk. He's got all sorts of cool information in front of him, high-tech equipment. He's got cameras. He's got a little phone that he can pick up, listen through the ears: all these senses, all these perceptions. But attention is what steers your perceptions. It's what controls your reality. It's the gateway to the mind. If you don't attend to something, you can't be aware of it.
所以，Frank正坐在桌前。他面前有各種很酷的資訊、高科技的裝備。他有相機。他有可以接起來的小電話、可以用耳朵聆聽的：所有這些感官能力、所有這些知覺。但注意力是掌控你知覺的東西。它是控制你現實的東西。它是通往內心的途徑。如果你不專注於某件事，你就無法察覺到它。
But ironically, you can attend to something without being aware of it. That's why there's the cocktail effect: When you're in a party, you're having conversations with someone, and yet you can recognize your name and you didn't even realize you were listening to that. Now, for my job, I have to play with techniques to exploit this, to play with your attention as a limited resource. So if I could control how you spend your attention, if I could maybe steal your attention through a distraction...
但諷刺的是，你可以在沒有察覺到的情況下致力於某件事。那也就是為什麼有雞尾酒效應：當你在一場派對上，你正與某人談話，然而你可以分辨出你的名字，且你甚至沒有意會到你正在留神聽著它。現在，為了我的工作，我必須耍些技巧來利用這個，把你的注意力當作是種有限資源來耍弄。所以如果我可以控制你投入注意力的方式，如果我也許可以透過分心來偷走你的注意力...
Now, instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side, instead, what I choose to focus on is Frank: to be able to play with the Frank inside your head, your little security guard, and get you, instead of focusing on your external senses, just to go internal for a second.
現在，我不要做得像錯誤指引一樣，把它丟到一旁，反之，我選擇要注意的是Frank：要能夠和你腦中的Frank玩，你的小小保全，且讓你不要專注在你的外部知覺上，就只要專注於內部一會兒。
So if I ask you to access a memory, like "What is that?" "What just happened?" "Do you have a wallet?" "Do you have an American Express in your wallet?" And when I do that, your Frank turns around. He accesses the file. He has to rewind the tape. And what's interesting is, he can't rewind the tape at the same time that he's trying to process new data.
所以如果我請你存取一段記憶，像是「那是什麼？」「剛發生了什麼事？」「你有錢包嗎？」「你錢包裡有美國運通卡嗎？」當我這樣做的時候，你的Frank轉過身。他取得檔案。他需要回轉影帶。有趣的是，他不能在試著處理新資料的同時回轉影帶。
Now, I mean, this sounds like a good theory, but I could talk for a long time and tell you lots of things, and they may be true, a portion of them, but I think it's better if I tried to show that to you here live. So if I come down, I'm gonna do a little bit of shopping. Just hold still where you are.
現在，我是說，這聽起來像是個好理論，但我可以講上好長一段時間並告訴你很多事，它們也許是真的，它們其中一部分，但我認為如果我試著在現場展示給你們看會比較好。所以如果我走下來，我要物色一下。就在你們的位子不要動。
Hello! How are you? It's lovely to see you. You did a wonderful job onstage. You have a lovely watch that doesn't come off very well. Do you have your ring as well? Good. Just taking inventory, you're like a buffet. It's hard to tell where to start. There are so many great things. Hi! How are you? Good to see you.
哈囉!你好嗎？見到你真好。你在台上做得很好。你有一支非常不容易脫下來的漂亮手錶。你也有戴戒指嗎？很好。只是清點一下，你像自助餐一樣。很難判斷要從何處開始下手。有太多好東西了。嗨!你好嗎？見到你真好。
Hi, sir, could you stand up for me, please? Just right where you are. Oh, you're married. You follow directions well. That's nice to meet you, sir. You don't have a whole lot inside your pockets. Anything down by the pocket over here? Hopefully so. Have a seat. There you go. You're doing well.
嗨，先生，你可以為我站起來嗎，拜託？就在你坐的地方。喔，你結婚了。你很會遵循指示。很高興認識你，先生。你在口袋裡面沒有很多東西。在口袋那裡下面有任何東西嗎？希望如此。請坐。就這樣。你做得很好。
Hi, sir! How are you? Good to see you, sir. You have a ring, a watch. Do you have a wallet on you? I don't. Well, we'll find one for you. Come on up this way, Joe. Give Joe a round of applause. Come on up, Joe. Let's play a game. Pardon me.
嗨，先生，你好嗎？很高興見到你，先生，你有一枚戒指、一支錶。你身上有錢包嗎？我沒有。好的，我們會找一個給你。從這邊上來，Joe。給Joe一輪掌聲。上來，Joe。來玩個遊戲。不好意思。
I don't think I need this clicker anymore. You can have that. Thank you very much. I appreciate that. Come on up to the stage, Joe. Let's play a little game now. Do you have anything in your front pockets? Money. Money! All right, let's try that. Can you stand right over this way for me?
我不認為我還需要這個遙控器了。你可以留著。非常謝謝你。我很感激。上來舞台，Joe。現在來玩個小遊戲。你前口袋裡有任何東西嗎？錢。錢!好的，來試試。你可以請你站過來這邊嗎？
Turn around and let's see. If I give you something that belongs to me...this is just something I have, a poker chip. Hold out your hand for me. Watch it kind of closely. Now this is a task for you to focus on. Now you have your money in your front pocket here? Yup. Good. I'm not going to actually put my hand in your pocket. I'm not ready for that kind of commitment.
轉過去，來看看，如果我給你某些屬於我的東西...這只是某個我有的東西，一枚撲克牌籌碼。幫我伸出你的手。仔細一點看看它。現在這是一件讓你專注的任務。現在你在前方口袋那裏有錢？是的。很好。我事實上沒有要把我的手放進你的口袋。我還沒準備好做出那種承諾。
One time a guy had a hole in his pocket, and that was rather traumatizing for me. I was looking for his wallet and he gave me his phone number. It was a big miscommunication. So let's do this simply. Squeeze your hand. Squeeze it tight. Do you feel the poker chip in your hand? I do. Would you be surprised if I could take it out of your hand? Say "yes." Very. Good. Open your hand. Thank you very much. I'll cheat if you give me a chance. Make it harder for me. Just use your hand.
有一次有個人在他的口袋有個洞，而那對我來說精神受創蠻深的。我在找他的錢包，而他給了我他的電話號碼。那是次很重大的傳達失誤。所以來簡單點做這件事。緊握你的手。牢牢地握緊。你有感受到撲克牌籌碼在你手裡嗎？有。如果我可以從你手中將它取走你會很驚訝嗎？說「會」。非常驚訝。很好。張開你的手。非常感謝你。如果你給我個機會我會作弊。讓我難做一點。就用你的手。
Grab my wrist, but squeeze, squeeze firm. Did you see it go? No. No, it's not here. Open your hand. See, while we're focused on the hand, it's sitting on your shoulder right now. Go and take it off. Now, let's try that again. Hold your hand out flat. Open it up all the way. Put your hand up a little bit higher, but watch it close there, Joe. See, if I did it slowly, it'd be back on your shoulder.
抓住我的手腕，但緊握著，牢牢地緊握。你有看到它跑掉嗎？沒有。不，它不在那。張開你的手。你瞧，當我們專注在手上時，它現在正坐在你的肩膀上。去把它拿下來。現在，再試一次。伸出你的手平放。整個張開。把你的手舉高一點點，但仔細看這裡，Joe。瞧，如果我慢慢地做，它會回到你的肩膀上。
Joe, we're gonna keep doing this till you catch it. You're gonna get it eventually. I have faith in you. Squeeze firm. You're human; you're not slow. It's back on your shoulder. You were focused on your hand. That's why you were distracted. While you were watching this, I couldn't quite get your watch off. It was difficult. Yet you had something inside your front pocket. Do you remember what it was? Money. Check your pocket. See if it's still there. Is it still there? Oh, that's where it was. Go ahead and put it away. We're just shopping. This trick's more about the timing, really. I'm gonna try to push it inside your hand. Put your other hand on top for me, would you? It's amazingly obvious now, isn't it? It looks a lot like the watch I was wearing, doesn't it?
Joe，我們要一直做這個直到你理解它。你最後會理解的。我對你有信心。牢牢地握緊。你是人類；你並不遲緩。它回到你的肩膀上。你專注在你的手上。那也是為什麼你分心了。當你看著這個時，我不能完全把你的手錶取下。那很困難。然而你在前面的口袋裡有一些東西。你記得是什麼嗎？錢。檢查你的口袋。看它是否還在那。還在那嗎？喔，那是它的所在。去把它收起來。我們只是在物色。這個把戲更注重於時機，真的。我要試著把它推進你的手。把你的另一隻手放到上面，可以嗎？現在這變得令人驚訝地明顯了，不是嗎？它看起來非常像我正戴著的錶，對嗎？
But it's only a start. Let's try it again a little bit differently. Hold your hands together. Put your other hand on top. Now if you're watching this little token, this obviously has become a little target. It's like a red herring. If we watch this kind of close, it looks like it goes away. It's not back on your shoulder. It falls out of the air, lands right back in the hand. Did you see it go?
但這只是開始。稍微不一樣地再試一次。把你的手握在一起。把你另一支手擺到上方。現在如果你正看著這個小代幣，這很明顯地變成一個小目標。它像一個轉移注意力的東西。如果我們這麼仔細地看它，它看起來像是它跑走了。它沒有回到你肩上。它從空中掉落，正好降落在手中。你有看到它跑掉嗎？
Yeah, it's funny. We've got a little guy. He works up there all day. If I did it slowly, if it goes straightaway, it lands down by your pocket. I believe it is in this pocket, sir? No, don't reach in your pocket. That's a different show. So that's rather strange. They have shots for that. Can I show them what that is? That's rather bizarre. Is this yours, sir? I have no idea how that works. We'll just send that over there.
對，這很好笑。我們有個小伙子。他整天在上頭工作。如果我慢慢地做，如果它直接跑掉，它會降落在你的口袋裡。我相信它在這口袋裡，先生？不，不要伸進你的口袋。那是不同的表演。那有點怪怪的。他們嘗試過了那個。我可以給他們看這是什麼嗎？那有點怪異。這是你的嗎，先生？我不曉得那如何運作的。我們就將這送過去那兒。
That's great. I need help with this one. Step over this way for me. Now don't run away. You had something down by your pants pocket. I was checking mine. I couldn't find everything. But I noticed you had something here. Can I feel the outside of your pocket for a moment? Down here I noticed this. Is this something of yours, sir? Is this? I have no idea. That's a shrimp. I'm saving it for later. You've entertained all of these people in a wonderful way, better than you know.
那很棒。這個我需要幫助。請站過來這邊。現在別跑開。你在褲子的口袋下面有些東西。我在檢查我的。我找不到每件東西。但我注意到這裡你有些東西。我可以感受一下你的口袋外面嗎？在下面我注意到這個。這是你的某個東西嗎，先生？這是嗎？我不曉得。那是隻蝦子。我留著待會吃。你用很棒的方式娛樂了所有這些人，比你所知的還要棒。
So we'd love to give you this lovely watch as a gift. Hopefully it matches his taste. But also, we have a couple of other things: a little bit of cash, and then we have a few other things. These all belong to you, along with a big round of applause from all your friends. Joe, thank you very much.
所以我們會很想把這支漂亮的手錶送你當禮物。希望它符合他的品味。但同樣地，我們有幾件其他的東西：一點點現金，然後我們有幾個其他東西。這些全屬於你，連同來自你所有朋友的一輪響亮掌聲。Joe，非常感謝你。
So, same question I asked you before, but this time you don't have to close your eyes. What am I wearing? Attention is a powerful thing. Like I said, it shapes your reality. So, I guess I'd like to pose that question to you: If you could control somebody's attention, what would you do with it? Thank you.
所以，我之前問過你們的相同問題，但這次你們不需要閉上雙眼。我穿著什麼？注意力是一個很強大的東西。就像我說過的，它形塑了你的現實。所以，我猜我想要丟這個問題給你：如果你可以控制某人的注意力，你會用它做什麼？謝謝你。
- 「既然」- Now That
Now that you're done looking at those, close them down, because every phone has something in common...
既然你看完那些了，把它們關上，因為每支手機都有一些共同之處... - 「致力於、注意」- Attend To
If you don't attend to something, you can't be aware of it.
如果你不專注於某件事，你就無法察覺到它。 - 「站住別動」- Hold Still
So if I come down, I'm gonna do a little bit of shopping. Just hold still where you are.
所以如果我走下來，我要物色一下。就在你們的位子不要動。 - 「轉移注意力的事物」- Red Herring
Now if you're watching this little token, this obviously has become a little target. It's like a red herring.
現在如果你正看著這個小代幣，這很明顯地變成一個小目標。它像一個轉移注意力的東西。 - 「連同一起」- Along With
...along with a big round of applause from all your friends. Joe, thank you very much.
...連同來自你所有朋友的一輪響亮掌聲。Joe，非常感謝你。
